The Problems of Underage Drinking Essay - 526 Words

The controversy of underage drinking has been a serious and difficult issue for many colleges, communities, and parents over the past several years. Fifty states in the U.S have already set their minimum alcohol drinking and purchasing age to twenty one. Yet many people, especially teenagers, oppose this legal drinking age and want it to be lowered. Nevertheless, the legal drinking age should not be lowered from twenty one to eighteen because of three main reasons. The higher minimum drinking age can help reduce the number of fatal car accidents, health hazards, and violent/ destructive behavior in teenagers. Underage drinking is overall dangerous to the society and will become more harmful if the legal drinking age is lowered. A higher†¦show more content†¦Lastly, the minimum legal drinking age should remain because people tend to be more mature and responsible at 21 opposed to 18. Eighteen year olds are entering a new phase of life and are becoming independent from their parents. Although the opposition may say that 18 is the age of adulthood in the United States, the truth is they are most vulnerable at this stage. Through peer pressure and irresponsibility, they are more susceptible to violent/ destructive behaviors such as binge drinking, academic failure, physical altercations, arrests, and risky sexual behavior. Although 18 year olds are allowed to vote, smoke cigarettes, serve on juries, get married, and join the military, they are still too young to purchase a handgun, gamble in a casino, adopt a child, rent a car, or run for president. Therefore, drinking similarly should be restricted due to the responsibility required to self and others (ProCon.org). The legal minimum drinking age should not be lowered to 18 because of the number of fatal car accidents, health hazards, and violent/ destructive behaviors that accompany alcohol consumption. The 21 minimum drinking age reduces traffic accidents and fatalities and saves many lives. Moreover, t he use of alcohol magnifies potential health hazards on a teenager’s still developing brain/ body. People tend to be more mature and responsible at 21 than 18Show MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Underage Drinking1516 Words   |  7 PagesPaying the Fiddler in Lives In order to fully understand the threat that underage drinking poses to our country, it is important to realize just how commonplace this sort of inebriation has become. As a result of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a way of monitoring habits among teens, the Center for Disease Control (or CDC) found that nearly thirty-five percent of students had consumed alcohol within one month of taking the questionnaire (Adolescent 1). Statistics revealing widespread intoxicationRead MoreUnderage Drinking Is A Growing Problem Essay1438 Words   |  6 PagesUnderage Drinking In America, teenagers abuse alcohol more than any other substance. Studies have shown by age 15, about 33 percent of teens have had at least 1 drink. Underage drinking is a problem that needs to be addressed because drinking can lead to dangerous situations since you are impaired and can be life threatening. The consumption of alcohol in kids under the age of 21 is responsible for 1,580 deaths from motor vehicle crashes, 1,269 from homicides, 245 from alcohol poisoning, falls,Read More Underage Drinking: A Big Problem Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking: A Big Problem nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Underage drinking is wide spread through out the United States. According to Klaidman, of 10 million people under the age 21 who admitted theyd had a cocktail in the last month, 4.4 million said that they are quot;binge drinkers,quot; or people who have had more than four drinks in a row. Also, alcohol use among 12 to 17 year olds has risen .9% over the past three years (137). 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Consumption of alcohol doesnt just pertain to drinking and driving but is also involved in teen deaths such as suicide, homicide, and other accidents including drowning. Last year, 224 Texans under the age of 21 died in traffic accidents caused by drunken drivers. How well is it being enforced though? A GallupRead MoreUnderage Drinking Among Adolescents : Becoming A Problem2554 Words   |  11 PagesUnderage drinking among adolescents is becoming a problem in the nation s youth. The legal drinking age was decided in 1984 for 21 years of age in every state (Wechsler and Nelson 986-992). Although there was a movement proposed to reduce the legal drinking age to 18 in 2008. The movement was proposed from college presidents and universities, which discussed their ideas of the drinking age. Later signing the Amethyst Initiative, leading encouraging debates back and forth trying to lower the legalRead MoreEssay about A Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem759 Words   |  4 PagesA Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem Recently, the issue of underage drinking has become a major problem for our society. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2009), about 10.4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 have drank more than â€Å"just a few sips† of alcohol. Moreover, 5,000 people under the age of 21 die each year in alcohol-related deaths including car crashes, homicides, and other injuries such as falls (NIAAA, 2009). When adolescentsRead MoreThe Plague Of Underage Drinking1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Plague of Underage Drinking â€Å"Every year in the U.S., roughly 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from an alcohol-related incident including car crashes, homicides, suicides, alcohol poisoning and other related injuries† ( â€Å"11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse†). That is 5,000 more teens or young adults that could be saved from this plague in this society (11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse). Underage drinking and alcoholism is a huge problem in the United States, and as a society need to make a change withRead MoreEssay on Underage Drinkers Face Repercussion1369 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing number of underage drinkers. Teens seem to be drinking their way through high school and college because it’s the trend of the century. They go out to party and there is no party, if there is no alcohol. They begin to believe there is no fun in partying without the use of alcohol. According to, the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, â€Å"40% of high school students drank some amount of alcohol, 24% bin ge drank, and 10% drove after drinking and 28% rode with a driver who had been drinking(Youth Risk BehaviorRead MorePersuasive Essay On Underage Drinking739 Words   |  3 Pageshave the problem of underage drinking. Whether they do it to look cool or to have fun, it is an enormous problem. In fact, one our four teens state that the would ride with a driver that is intoxicated (â€Å"Underage Drinking†). This shows that teenagers and not only irresponsible with alcohol, but also uniformed of the serious consequences. Although the rates of underage drinking have dropped within time, there are still ways to lower these rates more (Klass). With much research and problem solving,

The True Story About Best Writing Services Online That the Experts Dont Want You to Know

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Economic History of Cambodia free essay sample

Economic history of Cambodia Cambodia was a farming area in the first and second millennia BCE. States in the area engaged in trade in the Indian Ocean and exported rice surpluses. Complex irrigation systems were built in the 9th century. The French colonial period left the large feudal landholdings intact. Roads and a railway were built, and rubber, rice and corn grown. After independence Sihanouk pursued a policy of economic independence, securing aid and investment from a number of countries. Bombing during the Vietnam War damaged rice production. Lon Nol had a policy of liberalising the economy.This was followed by the victory of the Khmer Rouge and the emptying of the cities. After the defeat of the Khmer Rouge, a Five Year Plan was adopted, aiming to improve agriculture, industry and distribution, with a slogan of export and thrift. Today, Cambodia remains a largely agricultural economy and industrial development is slow. Wartime economy, 1970-75 The war that engulfed the rest of Indochina spread to Cambodia in April 1970, shortly after the coup that deposed Prince Sihanouk. Wartime conditions had a major impact on the countrys economy, especially on the export sector. Production and export of virtually all commodities dropped sharply, as insecurity spread throughout the countryside. Intense combat in the nations most densely populated farming areas caused a large segment of the peasant population to flee to cities and to towns. By 1975 the population of Phnom Penh had swollen to 2 million, from just 50,000 in 1955. Moreover, the war seriously dislocated the economic system. Food shortages arose as insurgents interrupted the transportation of crops from the countryside to the main marketing centers.Increasing budgetary expenditures, skyrocketing inflation, shrinking export earnings, and a rising balance-of-payments deficit plagued the war-torn economy. The wars most damaging effect was on rice production. In 1972 Cambodia needed to import rice (from Japan and from Thailand) for the first time since independence. Fighting reduced the amount of land under rice cultivation to fewer than 800,000 hectares in 1972, far less than the approximately 3 million hectares that had been under cultivation in 1969. The 1972 rice harvest amounted to only 26. percent of the 1969 harvest. Exports of natural rubber, the countrys second leading foreign-exchange earner, ceased shortly after hostilities began in 1970. The war destroyed extensive rubber plantations and damaged rubber-processing facilities. In late 1970, Lon Nol, who succeeded Sihanouk, continued to liberalize the economy in an effort to save the country from economic disaster. This endeavor was a continuation of the policies he had enacted as head of the government of national salvation in August 1969.Under Lon Nols direction, Phnom Penh limited the control and the authority of the state export-import agency (Societe nationale dexportation et dimportation—SONEXIM), which had been established in 1964 to administer foreign trade, to denationalize banks and industries, to encourage private foreign investments, and to allow greater private participation in the economy. The new economic policies of the Khmer Republic gradually reversed the pattern of state socialism that had formed the keystone of Sihanouks domestic policies.On October 29, 1971, the government implemented a comprehensive program of reforms to stabilize the economy. These reforms included increased import taxes on all nonessential commodities; increased interest rates on bank deposits and on commercial loans; elimination of credit to state enterprises and to public utilities; introductio n of a flexible currency exchange system; and simplification of the import system to facilitate the movement of goods. The emphasis of the program was to restore monetary stability in the face of rising inflation, financial speculation, black markets, and other economic problems caused by the war.In a change of policy, the government also moved toward greater involvement with international and with regional organizations and sought support from the World Bank (see Glossary), the International Monetary Fund (see Glossary), and the Asian Development Bank. As the war progressed, Lon Nols government aimed major economic measures mainly at improving the overall food supply situation and at maintaining public confidence in the continued availability of essential consumer items. To ensure adequate domestic supplies, in November 1971 Phnom Penh suspended grants of export licenses for major export commodities, such as rice, corn, and cattle.Although the move helped maintain stocks of essential commodities in the capital and in provincial centers, supplies were small relative to demand. The Lon Nol government had earlier declared in principle that it maintained a policy of strict neutrality and would accept foreign assistance from all countries which love peace and justice. As early as April 20, 1970, Cambodia formally requested military and economic aid from Washington to help cope with growing war expenditures and with an increasing budgetary deficit. As military activity in the country intensified, the United States became Cambodias larg est donor and supplier.Moscow, however, sent medical equipment and, in October 1971, the Soviets renewed a financial agreement with the republican regime. The Economic Support Fund, to which the United Nations (UN), the United States, Britain, Japan, New Zealand, Thailand, and Malaysia pledged their contributions, provided US$21 million in auxiliary relief. Other nations, including Italy, Israel, West Germany, and Switzerland, provided funds mostly to assist war victims. France earmarked its aid for the maintenance of French educational programs and cultural institutions. Nevertheless, these palliative measures fell far short of what was needed.By 1975 the economy had collapsed, and the country was surviving mainly on imported food financed by the United States government. Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 Under the leadership of the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia underwent a brutal and radical revolution. When the communist forces took power in Phnom Penh in April 1975, their immediate goals were to overhaul the social system and to revitalize the national economy. The economic development strategy of the Khmer Rouge was to build a strong agricultural base supported by local small industries and handicrafts.As explained by Deputy Premier Ieng Sary, the regime was pursuing radical transformation of the country, with agriculture as the base. With revenues from agriculture we are building industry which is to serve the development of agriculture. This strategy was also the focus of a doctoral thesis written by future Khmer Rouge leader Khieu Samphan at the University of Paris in 1959. Samphan argued that Cambodia could only achieve economic and industrial development by increasing and expanding agricultural production.The new communist government implemented the tenets of this thesis; it called for a total collectivization of agriculture and for a complete nationalization of all sectors of the economy. Strict adherence to the principle of self-reliance constituted the central goal of the Khmer Rouge regime. A Phnom Penh radio broadcast in early May (about a month after the Khmer Rouge arrived in the capital) underscored the importance of Cambodian self- reliance and boasted that during the war the Khmer Rouge had used scrap iron and wrecked military vehicles to manufacture their own bullets and mines.The statement made it clear that the policy of self-reliance would continue in peacetime. In another move aimed at reducing foreign influence on the country, the regime announced on May 10 that it would not allow foreigners to remain in Cambodia but that the measure was only temporary; and it added, We shall reconsider the question [of allowing foreigners to enter the country] after the re-establishment of diplomatic, economic and commercial relations with other countries. Although Cambodia resumed diplomatic relations with a number of nations, the new government informed the UN General Assembly on October 6, 1975, that it was neutral and economically self-sufficient and would not ask for aid from any country. On September 9, however, the Chinese ambassador arrived in Cambodia, and there were soon reports that China was providing aid to the Khmer Rouge. Estimates of the number of Chinese experts in Cambodia after that time ranged from 500 to 2,000.The policy of self-reliance also meant that the government organized the entire population into forced-labor groups to work in paddies and on other land to help the country reach its goal of food self-sufficiency. The Khmer Rouge, as soon as it took power on April 17, 1975, emptied Phnom Penh (of its approximately 2 million residents) as well as other cities and towns, and forced the people into the countryside.This overnight evacuation was motivated by the urgent need to rebuild the countrys war-torn economy and by the Khmer Rouge peasantrys hostility toward the cities. According to a Khmer Rouge spokesman at the French embassy on May 10, the evacuation was necessary to revolutionize and to purify the urban residents and to annihilate Phnom Penh, which Cambodian peasants regarded as a satellite of foreigners, first French, and then American, and which has been built with their sweat without bringing them anything in exchange. The only people who were not ordered to leave the city were those who operated essential public services, such as water and electricity. Other Khmer Rouge leaders rationalized the evacuation as a matter of self-reliance. They told the Swedish ambassador in early 1976 t hat they didnt have any transportation facilities to bring food to the people, and so the logical thing was to bring the people to the food, i. e. , to evacuate them all and make them get out into the ricefields. Indeed, when the evacuees reached their destinations, they were immediately mobilized to clear land, to harvest rice crops, to dig and restore irrigation canals, and to build and repair dikes in preparation for the further expansion of agriculture. The rice crop in November 1976 was reported to be good in relation to earlier years. At the same time, plantations producing cotton, rubber, and bananas were established or rehabilitated. While the Khmer Rouge gave high priority to agriculture, it neglected industry.Pol Pot sought to consolidate and perfect [existing] factories, rather than to build new ones. About 100 factories and workshops were put back into production; most of them (except a Chinese-built cement plant, a gunnysack factory, and textile mills in Phnom Penh and in Batdambang) were repair and handicraft shops revived to facilitate agricultural development. Cambodias economic revolution was much more radical and ambitious than that in any other communist country.In fact, Khmer Rouge leader Premier Ieng Sary explained that Cambodia wanted to create something that never was before in history. No model exists for what we are building. We are not imitating either the Chinese or the Vietnamese model. The state or cooperatives owned all land; there were no private plots as in China or in the Soviet Union. The constitution, adopted in December 1975 and proclaimed in January 1976, specifically stated that the means of production were the collective property of the state (see Democratic Kampuchea, 1975- 78, ch. 1). The Cambodian economic system was unique in at least two respects. First, the government abolished private ownership of land. The Khmer Rouge believed that, under the new government, Cambodia should be a classless society of perfect harmony and that private ownership was the source of egoist feelings and consequently social injustices. Second, Cambodia was a cashless nation; the government confiscated all republican era currency. Shops closed, and workers received their pay in the form of food rations, because there was no money in circulation.On August 12, 1975, fewer than four months after the Khmer Rouge had taken power, Khieu Samphan claimed that, within a year or two, Cambodia would have sufficient food supplies and would be able to export some of its products. To achieve this goal in record time, large communes comprising several villages replaced village cooperatives, which had formed in the areas controlled by the Khmer Rouge in 1973 and which had spread throughout the count ry by 1975. Unlike China and Vietnam, which had introduced collectivization gradually over several years, Cambodia imposed the system hastily and without preparation.The Khmer Rouge, in line with the slogan, If we have dikes, we will have water; if we have water, we will have rice; if we have rice, we can have absolutely everything, organized the workers into three forces. The first force comprised unmarried men (ages fifteen to forty) who were assigned to construct canals, dikes, and dams. The second force consisted of married men and women who were responsible for growing rice near villages. The third force was made up of people forty years of age and older who were assigned to less arduous tasks, such as weaving, basket-making, or watching over the children.Children under the age of fifteen grew vegetables or raised poultry. Everyone had to work between ten and twelve hours a day, and some worked even more, often under adverse, unhealthy conditions. On September 27, 1977, in a major speech celebrating the anniversary of the Kampuchean (or Khmer) Communist Party (KCP—see Appendix B), Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot asserted that, Our entire people, our entire revolutionary army and all our cadres live under a collective regime through a communal support system. He then listed the governments achievements in rebuilding the economy and concluded that, Though not yet to the point of affluence, our peoples standard of living has reached a level at which people are basically assured of all needs in all fields. Measuring the economic performance of the Khmer Rouge regime was impossible because statistics were not available, and no monetary transactions or bookkeeping were carried out. The economic life described by foreign diplomats, by Western visitors, and by Cambodian refugees in Thai camps ranged from spartan to dismal.Phnom Penh became a ghost town of only about 10,000 people. There were no shops, post offices, telephones, or telegraph services. Frequent shortages of water and of electricity occurred in all urban areas, and the government prohibited movement across provincial borders, except for that of trucks distributing rice and fuel. Conditions in the cooperatives varied considerably from place to place. In some areas, cooperative members had permission to cultivate private plots of land and to keep livestock. In others, all property was held communally.Conditions were most primitive in the new economic zones, where city dwellers had been sent to farm virgin soil and where thousands of families lived in improvised barracks (see Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-78 , ch. 1). Cambodia made progress in improving the countrys irrigation network and in expanding its rice cultivation area. Phnom Penh radio claimed that a network of ditches, canals, and reservoirs had been constructed throughout the country like giant checkerboards, a phenomenon unprecedented in the history of our Cambodia. Still, rice production and distribution were reported to be unsatisfactory. Rice harvests were poor in 1975 and 1978, when the worst floods in seventy years struck the Mekong Valley. Even after the better harvests of 1976 and 1977, however, rice distribution was unequal, and the government failed to reach the daily ration of 570 grams per person. (The daily ration of rice per person actually varied by region from 250 to 500 grams. ) Party leaders, cadres, soldiers, and factory workers ate well, but children, the sick, and the elderly suffered from malnutrition and starvation.There also were reports that the government was stockpiling rice in preparation for war with Vietnam and exporting it to China in exchange for military supplies. This diverted rice could have been one explanation for the peoples meager rice ration. At the end of 1978, when Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia, the ensuing turbulence completely disrupted the nations economic activity, particularly in the countryside, which once again became a war theater traversed by a massive population movement. Agricultural production was again a major casualty, with the result that there was a severe food crisis in 1979.Economic role of the Kampuchean Peoples Revolutionary Party After the fall of Pol Pot and the establishment of the Peoples Republic of Kampuchea in January 1979, the Kampuchean (or Khmer) Peoples Revolutionary Party (KPRP—see Appendix B), led by General Secretary Heng Samrin, set Cambodias economic development policies. Party congresses adopted these policies at meetings in January 1979, May 1981, and October 1985. A new Constitution, which the National Assembly approved in June 1981, defined Cambodias new socialist direction and the role of the state in economic affairs.Then, after six more years of struggling with an economy of survival and subsistence, KPRP leaders presented their First Plan, which represented a systematic and rational party effort at centrally planning and improving the economy. New economic policy and system In contrast to Pol Pots radical, doctrinaire approach to economic development, Heng Samrin and the leaders of the Kampuchean (or Khmer) National United Front for National Salvation (KNUFNS—see Appendix B), the umbrella group of anti-Pol Pot forces sponsored by Hanoi, sought to rally public support by formulating a policy that would be pragmatic, realistic, and flexible. In an eleven-point program promulgated shortly before the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, the front articulated the economic guidelines that would mark its tenure in power. These guidelines advocated a gradual transformation to socialism; a planned economy with markets; the restoration of banks, of currency, and of trade; the abolition of forced labor; the introduction of an eight-hour workday; and pay based on work performed. The KPRP socialist economy accepted the private sector.At a May 1980 agriculture conference, Samrin reviewed the effectiveness of the solidarity groups (krom samaki), production units of seven to fifteen families, united in a common endeavor to raise food or to produce goods. These production units had been organized in line with the policy of moving toward socialism. He affirmed that each member of these groups would receive at least one hectare of land to cultivate for communal purposes, plus a private plot not exceeding a quarter of a hectare on which to gr ow vegetables or to graze livestock.Also, a July 1980 planning conference called for a policy of simultaneous development of family (private) economy and national (socialized) economy. The conference also decided that the state should buy agricultural products from the peasants and should sell them manufactured goods at free-market prices. The KPRP further clarified its economic policy at its Fourth Party Congress (its first since taking power in Phnom Penh) from May 26 to May 29, 1981. It declared that the nations economic system had three main parts—the state conomy, the collective economy, and the family economy, and that each of these parts had its own significant role. The state economy covered large-scale agricultural production, all industrial production, the communications and transportation networks, finance, and domestic and foreign trade. To facilitate economic transactions nationwide, the state restored the banking system in November 1979, and it reintroduced currency in March 1980. The KPRP acknowledged that the state economy was small and said that it should be expanded.The party leaders, however, aware of the pitfalls of central planning, w arned against over-expansion and disregard for real needs, production conditions, management ability, and economic capability. The collective economy—the largest of the three elements—was assigned an important role in agricultural rehabilitation and development. It consisted of solidarity groups in agriculture, fishing, forestry, and handicrafts. These groups also assumed the task of collective purchase and sale. The family-run economy included the home economies of the peasants, most retail businesses, individual artisans, handicrafts, repair shops, and small trade.Although the 1981 Constitution stated that the land and other natural resources were state property, it gave the citizens usufruct rights to land allotted for a house and garden by the state. In some cases, agricultural workers were also allowed to borrow an extra plot of land from the state, to produce food on it, and to keep the harvest for their own consumption. Private enterprise also made a modest beginning under Cambodias hybrid economic system. Citizens were allowed to buy and to sell agricultural produce and handicrafts. The law guaranteed workers the right to keep their wages, their other income and their property.Encouraged and protected by the state, hundreds of small shops and factories, each employing a few workers, opened for business in Phnom Penh and in other urban areas. This inchoate private sector played such an important role in the national economic recovery that party leaders urged its official recognition, at the Fifth Congress in October 1985, as a means of mitigating the weaknesses of the state-run economy. Thus, the government added a fourth component—private economy—to the economic system and legitimized it with a constitutional amendment in February 1986. First plan, 1986-90The First Five-Year Program of Socioeconomic Restoration and Development (1986-90), or First Plan, originated in February 1984, when the heads of the state planning commissions of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia met in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) and agreed to coordinate their 1986 to 1990 economic plans. Heng Samrin formally announced Cambodias plan in his political report to the congress. The plan was intended to open a new phase of the Cambodian revolution; it gave highest priority to agricultural production, calling it the first front line, and focused on the four sectors of food, rubber, fishing, and timber.It set production targets for each sector. During the plan period, food production was to increase 7 percent a year to keep up with a targeted 2. 8 percent annual population growth rate, which did not seem to have been reached by 1987. The plan projected that by 1990, rubber farming would expand to 50,000 hectares in order to produce 50,000 tons of latex; timber production would reach 200,000 cubic meters; jute production would increase to 15,000 tons; and fish production would amount to 130,000 tons.As in the past, the plan labeled agriculture and forestry as the real force of the national economy. The plan was less specific for the industrial sector. It did not set industrial production targets, except that for electrical output, which was projected to reach 300 million kilowatt hours per year in 1990. The plan called attention to the need for selective restoration of existing industrial production capabilities and for proposed progressive construction of a small to medium industrial base, which would be more appropriate to the countrys situation.The plan placed increased emphasis on the distribution of goods. Trade organizations were to be perfected at all levels, and socialist trading networks were to be expanded in all localities. In particular, the trade relationship between the state and the peasantry was to be improved and consolidated in accordance with the motto, For the peasantry, selling rice and agricultural products to the state is patriotism; for the state, selling goods and delivering them directly to the people is being responsible to the people. The plan also required that investment be directed toward the impro vement of the infrastructure, particularly toward the reconstruction of communication lines and waterworks. About half the factories operating in 1969 were rice mills, or were otherwise engaged in rice processing. In 1985 the government news agency (Sarpodamean Kampuchea) announced that fifty-six factories had been renovated and had been put back into operation. In the capital itself, about half of Phnom Penhs prewar plants had reopened by 1985. Most industries were producing at far below capacity because of frequent power cuts, shortages of spare parts and of raw materials, and the lack of both skilled workers and experienced managers.Industrial revival continued to be difficult and extremely slow because it was based mainly on the use of limited local resources. National Programme to Rehabilitate and Develop Cambodia, February 1994 In the course of economic development, industrialized countries have taken many twists and turns. It would be tempting to characterize development as merely path-dependent, historical or unique for all countries. But this simply isnt the whole story. To be sure, there are innumerable differences in how countries industrializejust as there are similarities. For Cambodia, this will not be different.With the exception of OPEC countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Brunei, etc. ), the role of natural resources has paled in comparison to labor, capital and technology, because most countries are simply not natural resource gold mines. The industrialized countries of the world have undergone transformations which have taken them from agricultural to industrial economies. And from there, it would seem, the move to services has already taken place for the United States. This is not to say, however, that America is no longer agricultural (one need only look at Kansas and Nebraska). 10] Forward, backward, and final linkages are indubitably important since the agricultural, industrial, and services sectors all contribute to one another. [11] This chapter intends to draw a brief outline from the theoretical works of a number of development economists in order to set the foundation for the application of these theories to the case of Cambodia in both the past and the present context (see chapters 3 and 4). The Agricultural Context We begin our analysis with an evolutionary model of the path of agricultures contribution to economic growth by presenting Peter C.Timmers The Agricultural Transformation (1988). Timmers conceptual framework integrates four economic environments from Moshers to D. G. Johnsons. The four phases in the agricultural transformation call for different policy approaches. In the earliest stage of development the concern must be for `getting agriculture moving, to use Arthur Moshers vivid phrase [Mosher (1966)]. [12] In the Mosher environment, a country begins to develop by investing heavily into agriculture, a process colloquially called priming the pump. Today, Cambodia may actually be back to the Mosher phase once more (when priming the pump of agriculture takes place). There are few precedents for this, and fewer instances still of successful development (this late in the game). Therefore, the main analytic emphasis will be placed on the past because things were then less complicated or mired for Cambodia. Were there to have been no starvation, war, or revolution in Cambodia during the 1970s, the bulk of this paper would have likely focused its attention on these years instead. The theories of economic growth xamined next all relate to an economy past the Mosher environment (beyond the green revolution). The implications for which include the possibility for industrialization and rapid economic growth. Three Growth Theories Theories of economic growth abound. [15] Modern theories have divided themselves into three types, stressing one of three factors: (1) civil institutions, (2) the State, (3) the market. This thesis examines three cornerstone economic models that have wide-ranging implications for the market and the State, and to a lesser extent for civil institutions.They are the Harrod-Domar, the Solow growth, and the Dual Sector Economy models (which includes classical and neoclassical components). Although the mechanics will be stressed, it is the economic and policy implications that will be central to our analysis of Cambodias economy, past and present. There were a series of three major Irish bank strikes between 1966 and 1976 in all totalling about a year affecting most of the retail banking sector. Surprisingly these had very little effect on the growth of the economy. However the boom did not last for long.Industrial relations disputes, inflation from the oil crises of 1973 and 1979, overspill from the Troubles in Northern Ireland, new capital taxes and poor management of the economy by the government took their toll in the 1970s. By the 1980s Ireland was referred to as the sick man of Europe [1][dead link] and was far behind its European rivals frequent changes in government compounded the situation. The government, often led by the now disgraced Charles Haughey, presided over a decade of high emigration, unemployment (about 18% for much of the decade) and economic mismanagement.At one point the International Monetary Fund considered imposing strict economic measures. [edit] 1980s The 1980s in the Republic of Ireland was one of the states bleakest times. An extremely irresponsible budget by the majority Fianna Fail government in 1977, which included abolition of car tax and borrowing to fund current spending, combined with some global economic problems to ruin the Irish economy for most of the 1980s, causing high unemployment and mass emigration.The Charles Haughey and Garret FitzGerald governments made this bad situation much worse with more massive borrowing and tax rates as high as 60% (with one Fine Gael finance minister suggesting people were not being taxed enough). After joining the ERM in 1979, Ireland was also saddled for much of the 1980s with an overvalued currency, which wasnt rectified until the 1986 devaluation. Much of the capital borrowed in the 1980s went towards propping up this overvalued currency. Foreign investment, in the form of risk capital, was discouraged by all the evident difficulties.This was also an era of political instability and extreme political corruption, with power alternating between Fianna Fail and Fine Gael, with some governments not even lasting a year, and in one case, three elections in eighteen months. The problems were eventually dealt with starting in 1987 under a minority Fianna Fail government but with help from the opposition led by Alan Dukes of Fine Gael under what was known as the Tallaght Strategy, with economic reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, more competition and a reduction in borrowing to fund current spending.This policy was largely continued by succeeding governments. Considerable support from the European Union was the only positive aspect. [edit] Celtic Tiger (1990s-2007) In the 1990s, the Republics economy began the Celtic Tiger phase. High FDI rate, a low corporate tax rate, better economic management and a new social partnership approach to industrial relations together transformed the Irish economy. The European Union had contributed over â‚ ¬10 billion into infrastructure. By 2000 the Republic had become one of the worlds wealthiest nations, unemployment was at 4% and income tax was almost half 1980s levels. During this time, the Irish economy grew by five to six percent annually, dramatically raising Irish monetary incomes to equal and eventually surpass those of many states in the rest of Western Europe. [edit] Recent economic circumstances Over the past decade, the Irish government has implemented a series of national economic programmes designed to curb inflation, ease tax burdens, reduce government spending as a percentage of GDP, increase labour force skills, and reward foreign investment. The Republic joined in launching the euro currency system in January 1999 along with eleven other European Union nations.The economy felt the impact of the global post-Dot Com economic slowdown in 2001, particularly in the high-tech export sector – the growth rate in that area was cut by nearly half. GDP growth continued to be relatively robust, with a rate of about 6% in 2001 and 2002 – but this was expected to fall to around 2% in 2003. Since 2001, GNP growth has been much worse, with an almost threefold decrease in 2001 from the previous year. After a near stagnant year in 2002, growth started to pick up once again in 2003. [6] By 2005, growth rates had increased to around 5%.During 2007, Irelands economic progress was however again affected by a wider global economic slow-down, with the construction sector being particularly affected. During the Summer of 2007, Irish residential property prices fell by over 2% and subsequently continued to fall by approximately 1% per month, leaving property prices down 9% by February 2008. This has impacted consumer spending and investment confidence across the Irish economy generally. In July 2008, a predicted Euro 3bn shortfall in 2008 annual government revenues

The Black Swan Review Essay Example

The Black Swan Review Paper Essay on The Black Swan Socrates I only know that I know nothing is well suited to describe the main ideas of the book by Nassim Nicholas Talebs Black Swan. Under the sign of unpredictability. For many years, Taleb explores the problem of black swans ie, absolutely unpredictable events, of them same and colorfully depicts in the book The book is divided into 4 parts:. 1. Antibiblioteka Umberto Eco, or about finding evidence Taleb tells his life story, introduces the concept of Black Swan, tells the story of the worlds Srednestana in which we are taught to live and the world Kraynestana in which we actually inhabit 2. We can not foresee the name speaks for itself, especially criticism of long-term economic (and other) forecasts 3.. Gray swans Kraynestana criticism of the Gaussian distribution and the mathematical apparatus Taleb We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Swan Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Swan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Swan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 4.. Final The basic idea Taleb is that the world is full of black swans unpredictable events, which at one point tremendously change our world or the lives of people who have experienced them. Especially indicative financial statistics on the exchange trading in the past 50 years, where the bulk of revenue has been received within 10 days all in different years. Taleb, as a trader, mostly, of course, adheres to economic borders. In the book, Taleb open and a lot of criticism of experts, teaches the reader to not rely entirely on the expert opinion. Somewhere leads this quite strong evidence, somewhere in there. In general, the book is entertaining, is positively charged and a moderate attitude of healthy skepticism, which gives an interesting point of view on the theory of probability. Can be interesting to a wider audience. However, in spite of the interesting topic and the excitement with which the narrator draws the reader into their theories, have books and quite significant drawbacks. The first, basic, and quite unforgivable Taleb, is that the author is quite a long time at the beginning of the book, for a few dozen pages, says, they say Now, now, the main thing the experience, and a little further, I will explain to you all with specific examples. Even the phrase gives amazing that I liked wildly: Ideas come and go, stories remain. Thats how. Handsomely. Exactly. And in the end? Shish you with gulkin nose stories. The lions share of all reinforcing the idea of ​​Talebs stories is the authors thought experiments The second drawback -. Excessive volume. Author revolves around the same themes and ideas, by repeating them from chapter to chapter. As a result, the readers attention is scattered, not concentrated, it becomes boring, automatically blokiruesh repetitions. Conciseness would give the material greater value The third -. Despite the fact that the author argues that it is necessary to look at the world more widely, he adheres only their theories, at times, seems to confuse cause and effect. Too clearly divided into black and white. The example of a swimmers body. First Taleb says that initially believed that the swimmers body is formed by training. But then I realized because man has become swimmer is due to the fact that he has such a body, ie, genetically predisposed! Mol dwarf will not go to the swimmers, and if you go it grows up at the expense of training. But, for some reason, is not considered the relationship model that a) a person becomes a swimmer due to genetic predispositions; b) the final swimmers body (here, though you can argue about the meaning of the word in the sense of Figure) formed because of the training .

Annotated Bibliography on the Connection of Money and Happiness

Annotated Bibliography on the Connection of Money and Happiness Annotated Bibliography on the Connection of Money and Happiness Brock, Henry. (1997). Your Complete Guide to Money Happiness. Legacy Publishing (NV); First Edition edition. This book is basically a collective thought on what money is and its connection to human happiness. More than just a collection of theories and opinions from different other writers and other critics of the said thought; this reading is more on utilizing the facts that are able to contribute to the different issues that relate monetary ownership to the possible happiness that human individuals are feeling (54). The author Henry Brock is one of the most trusted individuals when it comes to discussion human behavior as it is intertwined with the capability of one to own certain properties and how these particular properties bring in a certain sort of satisfaction that identifies a humans capability of experiencing the real sense of happiness (76). Believably, there are different issues that are concerned especially when it comes to human behavior. According to Brock, this partic ular identification of human behavior towards material possessions practically makes a definite sense as to what intensified understanding of the connection that is making humans see money as a source of happiness or satisfaction in some way. Dunleavey, MP. (2007). Money Can Buy Happiness: How to Spend to Get the Life You Want. Broadway Publishing Edition. Is it true that money can buy happiness? This is the primary question that Dunleavey intends to impose on this reading. It could be noticed that there are different options of understanding presented especially when it comes to proving or disproving if money is rather able to provide proper sense of seeing how monetary possessions actually affect the happiness that humans are feeling towards their possessions (56). Believably though, instead of putting whether or not money is a source of true human happiness, it could be observed that the author further opted to mandate on how money could be practically used properly to be able to provide real happiness. He further opted to present possible ways that could be used to actually mandate the proper use of money that is not excessive and not dependent on over use of material possessions (88). It could not be denied that mate rial possessions provide happiness; however being less able to control the want of acquiring them provides more problems than that of the satisfaction that they are supposed to give to their owners. Due to this, the author himself reiterates on the need to see things in balance to be able to feel the real meaning of what happiness is all about. Frank, Robert. (2010). Luxury Fever: Money and Happiness in an Era of Excess. Princeton University Press. Through this reading, Robert frank was able to point out that todays society is buried deep on the impulse of wanting something. It could be observed that somehow there are different issues that are considered when it comes to the issues of handling the possibilities of being entangled when it comes to the balance that people proposes on their view with regards their needs and their want of the said properties. Practically, the want of having the luxury of life has taken over the clear vision that humans have over their needs and the practical vision that they have when it comes to the things that they simply want out of life. There are different measures of consideration that are best able to manipulate that the thinking of the people towards the different material wants and needs that they intended to have as part of their personal properties. Truthfully, it could be noticed th at through examining the society, the author was able to bring out the fact that social pressure affects that perception of humans when it comes to their understanding on how much important money really is. Hooper, David. (2007). Guide for Living: Law of Attraction - How to Attract Money, Love, and Happiness. Princeton University. The connection of satisfaction with money is of course one of the most important matters that are best able to help humans get the satisfaction that they want out of their lives. According to the author of this writing, it could be noticed that the different options of learning about the elements of satisfaction basically gets into proper position especially when it comes to mandating how human individuals need to behave with their needs and their desires. Needeleman, Jacob. (1998). Money, Money, Money: The Search for Wealth and the Pursuit of Happiness. House Publishing. Every now and then, it could be noticed that marketing presents happiness in a form of people owning properties and having what they want when they want it. Believably, it could be observed that through the years marketing has imposed on using the weaknesses of humans in terms of getting their interest in making a good sense of getting the profit that they want out of the most important markets that they ought to serve. Apparently, it could be noticed that this approach of pursuance have been best effective in providing the marketing industry he attention that they need from the market that they are targeting. In short, it has been better proven that humans have this particular perception over ownership that basically makes it easier for them to feel happiness once they get the material things that they have in possession. Rauley, Laura. (2007). Money and Happiness: A Guide to Living the Good Life. Wiley Publishing. Living the good life has usually been involved in becoming much contented with what one already has in his life. It could not be denied that somehow, with the many things that the world offers today, being contented is not such an easy task to do neither it is an easy choice to make. The social pressure is just deeply intense that most individuals are already less able to make particular decisions that could set them into settling for simple things. Through this reading, Rauley is able to find better ways as to how much contentment should be viewed by humans. She further noted that somehow, humans ought to better material possessions in a much balanced way that could practically allow them of seeing the real benefits that these particular ownerships could bring them. Truthfully, it could not be denied that even though humans are presented with too much, they still have the choice to settle only for what they basically need.

Forget Familiarity. You Need An Outsider On Your Team

Forget Familiarity. You Need An Outsider On Your Team Readers dont like unfamiliarity, but unfamiliarity might actually help your team. The developers here at had been working for a while on the multi-scheduler, a highly requested feature. I hadnt been much involved in that feature like I had with some of the others. The UI design, the capabilities, how it worked–I only had a scant knowledge of what they were building. The multi-scheduler was finally launched, and I was excited to use it. This feature was going to make things much easier. I had my notebook out and prepared to jot down any questions or bugs I might find and started to use it. I set out to use it with a blog post, sharing the post on all of our social networks with this new feature. Any guesses on what happened? The Problem With Familiarity When you are too familiar with something, you dont see what is right in front of your eyes. Its easy for your mind to get set in a rut. When you are too familiar with something, you dont see problems right in front of your eyes.Familiarity is why it is more difficult to catch the errors or edits in your own writing (or code) than in the writing (or code) of others. Youve become used to–and normalized–the mistake by repeatedly creating or seeing it. It isnt a bad thing, I said later, after testing the new features, that Im not always heavily involved in the development. Its a question of familiarity. The more familiar you become with your product or service or website, the more unqualified you become to judge it objectively. That doesn’t  feel  true, but it is. Cliff Seal, Logos Creative InnoCentive is a site where people who need problems solved make them available for solvers. These are complex problems that range from medical to engineering. A study by researchers at the Harvard Business School revealed something interesting about the solutions that came through InnoCentive: not only did problems get solved (33% on time, even), but they tended to be solved by people operating on the fringe of their expertise. In other words, according to Sam McNerny on the blog Big Think, [i]f a biochemistry problem only attracted biochemists it tended to remain unsolved. But if the same problem was tackled by, say, a molecular biologist or an organic chemist the chances were greater that the problem would be solved. Outside thinking was vital. Why does familiarity trip you up? The non-expert speaks. Familiarity feels a lot like expertise. People who are the experts in their area on the team dont always like being disagreed with by someone who isnt an expert. Its hard, when you know that you know what you are doing, to be told by someone who seems wholly unconnected and unfamiliar that they dont agree with your decisions. You get indignant, defensive. You have all kinds of reasons why you are right.  How dare this outsider who has no understanding of context casually saunter by and say that doesnt work. Familiarity, on its own, is an expertise that is blinded. You dont want to kill your pets. People who are unfamiliar with a project dont have favorites in the project, while you, the creator, do. Killing your pet is tough. We especially dont like someone to come along and look at hours of work and say that doesnt make any sense. Problem is, our favorite parts of a project are often the one we are most familiar with and we have no objectivity about this pet in regards to whether it works or not. A fixation on that favorite thing can easily destroy a project. We feed just the one thing. Jack of all trades, master of nothing, or so the saying goes. Were a big fan of reading books here at , and often suggest books and resources that have helped us. The thing is, its easy to get in the habit of only reading a certain subject. If youre big into startups or entrepreneurship, it would be easy to continually read books or blogs solely about those topics. Are you so familiar with one topic, one area of expertise, that youre missing out on the possible connections you could be making between it and other topics? Expertise Is Still Valuable So should we shun being an expert and hope ignorance and luck will bring about creative breakthroughs? Geoffrey Colvin, in his book Talent is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else, discussed a study by Dean Keith Simonton, professor from the University of California at Davis. In his study, Simonton looked at more than 300 creative high achievers who were born between 1450 1850.  Were talking da Vinci, Beethoven–heavy hitters, in other words. He then measured their noteworthiness by how much space was devoted to them in a variety of reference works. What did Simonton find out? Plotted on a graph, the most noteworthy creators had knowledge, education, and training, but not excessive. There was a peak in the middle. It might have looked a bit like this: Does this mean youd be more creative if you knew less? Not exactly. According to Colvin, the most noteworthy creative people are those how have immersed themselves utterly in their chosen field, have devoted their lives to it, amassed tremendous knowledge of it, and continually pushed themselves to the front of it. Expertise is still a valuable component; you need experts. You need an understanding. You need the skills and the knowledge. You need that  10,000 hours of work. To be creative (and productively creative), you need a high level of skill, practice and knowledge. These are the foundations you need to even begin to approach the problems that need solving. Innovation occurs at the boundary of disciplines, but you’ll never hear about a novelist winning a Nobel Prize in physics.   @SamMcNerney Someone has to be an expert. And someone has to be able to approach a project as an outsider. If you can honestly assume the role of outsider on your own project, great. If not, youll have to find someone to do that for you. Keep in mind that the outsider may be an expert, too, but unfamiliar with your particular project. Think back to my example at the beginning: I could be considered an expert on , but the specific project was new to me. Introduce Unfamiliarity To Your Project How do you introduce the power of unfamiliarity to your project? 1. Stockpile Newbies Not everyone in your team has to be involved deeply in everything.  There is value in keeping a newbie on hand to test a product or read a blog post for the first time. If you are having a heavy planning meeting, dont bring in everyone. Bring in only the ones that need to be there. Save some of your team to be the fresh eyes that you bring in once in a while to give that unbiased outsider opinion. 2. Be Less Stubborn Consider the opinion of someone who doesnt have the expertise you have. Really consider it. Are you unwilling to listen because you cant get past your belief in your own knowledge? Are you letting arbitrary preferences or principles stand in the way?

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Personal Statement Example As a year one student in Ijmu University, I firmly believe that my chosen profession in business management will make my dream in becoming a prominent businessperson a reality. Throughout my life, I have admired successful business people in my home area, which have motivated me, engage in small business activities. I have always struggled for academic excellence, managing to engage in small business activities to provide for some of my educational expenses. I believe my chosen profession will allow me develop my knowledge base and travel across the globe. Naturally, my education comes before anything else I do. However, studying business management is not straightforward. A business management course enables a student to develop effective communication skills, make business decisions in a systematic and evaluative manner and demonstrate knowledge of current trends and events in the business. Additionally, the course allows a student master the necessary skills required to prepare th em a work in an organization. When I started my undergraduate career, I realized that I was exposed to a full range of business management courses. All these courses tended to solidify and reinforce my interests in business management. I have also had the chance to study numerous subjects in humanities, and they have been quite enlightening and enjoyable giving me a new and different view of the earth in which we live. In the area business management, I have developed a special interest in finding out on how I can come up with a successful business plan. I have also been interested in the field of technology, as I have learned that technology increases the competitive advantage of a company. There are many technological advances, and every manager should be able to understand at least some of these advances to remain competitive in the market. As I gain experience in the business management profession, I hope to be engaged in developing better processes

Fast profits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fast profits - Essay Example Since the release of the Jungle, the public responded to the outcry of the novel’s portrayal of the meat industry’s unhealthy practice of selling rotten and diseased meat to unsuspecting and unknowing customers. The putrid meat is masked by shiny, attractive surfaces of the can, thus enabling the customer to be deceived that the meat he is buying is safe and nutritious. Because of this, President Theodore Roosevelt was pressured to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, despite being kept in storage in 1902 and again in 1905. The Beef Inspection Act was also passed in order to have a standard inspection scheme, away from bribery and corruption in the meat packing industry. With these precautionary measures, there is no doubt that the American people regard meat as an essential part of human consumption. And without proper sanitary and packaging regulations, American health is endangered. The book has not only inspired the American public in becoming critical and well-aware of what they eat, it has also triggered the term â€Å"consumerism† up to the time being. The consumerism attitude entails being critical of product labeling, not only for meat but as well as for other products. Furthermore, it has also set standard requirement for all food manufacturers to put â€Å"nutrition facts,† wherein the label includes the nutrients that an individual would get from consuming the product, and public safety precautions, particularly for those products that may inflict possible hazards in particular scenarios. On the other hand, there has been a rapidly emerging movement of vegetarianism for the last century. Throughout the years since the inception of the book, there have been a growing number of people who have suffered from heart attack, heart by-pass, stroke, high blood pressure, and other debilitating diseases related to excess meat consumption. The growing number of obese Americans has also been

Ebay Problems in Asian Markets Essay Example for Free

Ebay Problems in Asian Markets Essay This paper will identify some of the reasons why E-Bay has problems in the Asian Markets as an internet auction provider. After examining articles from Philip Kotler and David Gertner as well as Moon Ihlwan among others, this paper will provide my answers about why did EBay want to expand globally as well as why any of these Asian nations wanted their business? It will explain some research explored about what types of Entry decisions the company used in the Asian Markets. Utilizing the knowledge gained about the history of global business. Answering the question about the problems that EBay has in the Asian market will allow me to discuss and apply concepts of the global market learned in module one in support of my answers. Lastly this correspondence will assess how EBay’s Marketing Mix assessment of the Four P’s assisted them in the global marketing strategy the company adopted for the Asian Markets? Why did EBay want to expand globally and why did nations wanted their business? The reasons EBay decided to expand globally were various and resulted in an overall loss for the San Diego, CA based company headed by the former CEO at the time and California Gubernatorial candidate, Meg Whitman. Some of the decisions made and acted upon by the company’s leadership were akin to the way Meg Whitman ran her political campaign. Instead of researching the culture and traditions of the places they chose to do business and working on an image of being local or at least embracing local cultures and traditions; they chose to feed issues with money. In Whitman’s case borrow millions of dollars from herself to try to resolve the issue of losing as a candidate. Getting back on subject, the countries that eBay chose to expand globally in, were like all nations; ones that needed jobs. EBay sought the cheaper labor wages as a win-win situation for themselves or some instances the prediction of a high level of success due to their business reputation. Getting into the market was not difficult as the new market fell in line with what these countries wanted in ordered to develop their economies; while in turn enhancing domestic quality of life for their citizens. EBay felt compelled to expand globally to remain competitive as the US domestic market share was becoming mature resulting in stagnant profits and overall growth. As all companies looking to globally expand eBay was investing in Asia to increase profits by gaining a positive entry into this new market share however there was no need to create a new market. The majority of the countries they chose had local internet auction industry established already. EBay’s ultimate goals were to introduce their open auction business model at an international scale starting in places like Japan, China and South Korea to take advantage of these nation’s emerging economies in order to increase wealth. Entry Decisions Through the struggles in gaining entry into these emerging market areas, EBay learned that they must adapt as well as embrace some of the new technologies and products offered by their competitors in the Asian domestic markets in order to be successful or at least competitive in the market. The beating they took in Asia was not just from Chinese and South Korean competition, but from two US based competitors in Yahoo and Google. A current domestic alliance with Yahoo against the giant Google has not resulted in any increase in positive business in the global market share as Yahoo is continuing to gain more shares of the market through its ventures with local competitors. EBay market entry decisions were integral to their failure in Asia. As ascertained from a case study published May 2008 about EBay’s Strategy in Japan 1, â€Å"†¦they entered the Japanese market late after Yahoo Japan had already established and failed to retain customers. It took them two years to concede the failure of the EBay Japan and instead of making a deal with local investors they finally folded in 2002. Ironically, in 2007 EBay made a deal with Yahoo Japan to share internet sites and products in Japan in a joint web site called â€Å"Sekaimon† 1. Their failures in Asia has eventually led to layoff of workers in countries like Taiwan and shutting down of several sites in Asia while rerouting customers to US based sites to maintain a virtual presence. In 2006 EBay’s South Korean venture Internet Auction was bested by a South Korean competitor named Gmarket whereas they equaled or eclipsed EBay’s profit share in South Korea that year. Gmarket also produced innovating products to the internet auction industry such as making shopping via internet fun and using tie-in promotions. Excerpts taken from a Moon Ilhwan internet article in Business Week2, further explain the stiff competition EBay had in South Korea from Yahoo and the local upstart, â€Å"Gmarkets business model places less emphasis on an open auction format than eBays. The company offers goods that one can order at fixed prices, with an option to negotiate prices with a seller on an exclusive basis. This allows buyers to conclude deals instantly instead of requiring them to wait until all bids are completed in open auctions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦another tie in marketing program is a lottery called lucky auction. It gives buyers chances to buy everything from LCD televisions to T-shirts at a fraction of the market value. A seller promoting an MP3 player, for example, invites consumers to bid for two of them within a given price range—usually less than 10% of the retail price. Then Gmarkets computer picks two bids at random to decide the winners. Others visitors can buy the MP3 pla yer at a special offer price. The seller attracts consumers, while Gmarket happily hauls in commissions. Another incentive at Gmarket is that retailers can offer online links to their own mini homepages within the site, issue discount coupons, run joint mileage points programs, and use an internal messenger service called G-messenger for instant chatting with sellers. Some shops listed on the site have also drawn traffic by promising to donate 10 cents to a favored charity every time a product is sold†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2 Thus far EBay has attempted joint ventures and mergers to enter the Asian market share and has met negative results. This has had a negative effect on their overall performance to expense ratio in their stock valuation from 2000 thru the present time but has not deterred management from continuing to compete for a market share in Asia. An ongoing joint venture with Yahoo keeps EBay with a foot in the door of the foreign market and continues the strategic alliance against Google. EBay has expanded to Southeast Asia to see what they can obtain in Singapore, Malaysia and through operations in the Philippines. Currently they are doing promotional sites in Thailand and Vietnam to gauge future profits in those nations as well. EBay’s use of the Four P’s in their marketing mix assessment EBay’s use of the Four P’s in their assessment of their global market strategy was regretful in Asia when in comparison to Yahoo’s success. Lost on the EBay leadership was the desire to be a part of the local market and understanding cultural diversity of each Asian nation they wanted to establish a market. From my personal experiences going to countries such as Japan, South Korea, Guam, or the Philippines for business this is vital to earning shares of the Asian market and as a personal prospective as well. Yahoo’s co-founder, Yang is a male businessman of Chinese-Taiwanese descent which had to give Yahoo an edge in Japan, China and South Korea over EBay’s CEO at the time Meg Whitman; who was female, Caucasian descent and unaware culturally of how to gain the confidence of local leaders and business persons. 3 The product that EBay had to offer was nothing innovative to the Asian market as there was already a local variant of online auctions/internet industry thriving in Japan, China and South Korea. Timing and placement of EBay’s business model was late and over reaching as Yahoo already was established in each of the locations chosen and early profits resulted in a false analysis of future outcomes for EBay in Asia. Promotions used on the global EBay sites had advertising geared globally instead of locally which went ignored by local customer’s. More emphasis toward local advertising of domestic interests could have attracted and retained their customer base. Lastly, pricing of their product which was part of the business model was somewhat excessive and confusing. So when an upstart company like Gmarket introduces something simple like, fixed prices and special deals the customer’s internet shopping experience just became more simplified to use and less time to use resulting in a more desirable overall product than EBay was offering at the time. The EBay pricing system had customer’s waiting out the end of a bidding process which still did not guarantee the customer the outcome desired if they were outbid. EBay’s management’s inflexibility hindered the local management’s ability to make decisions that would help them get more of the local market share and build from there in their own country and marketplace. 3 Discussion EBay’s ventures in expanding to a global market were incurred several surmountable challenges. As stated in the lesson the Asian market share is vital and profitable for many companies. As the research depicted one of EBay’s primary challenges was completion at several levels; global and local/domestic competitors all vying for a market share of the internet auction industry. EBay attempted to manage market entry problems long after their original business model was viable in the region, by adapting lowering or waiving fees for its services to keep up with the competition from Yahoo, Google, Chinese stall worth Internet Auction and South Korean upstart GMarket. EBay failed to incorporate some of the local technical innovations that likes of GMarket produced for its customer base such as, local advertising on the sites, fixed price so that internet shoppers could get what they were shopping for and not have to outbid others and wait for the outcome of who actually won/bought the products advertised. History was another problem for EBay, they did not study the culture and traditions of the places they chose to enter the market at. Cultural traditions and business practices are conversely different in China which operates under quasi-governmental entities, and Japan and South Korea where they operate under version of the â€Å"Free Market† concept. Along with not understanding Asian cultures the company did not attempt to adapt its global business model to the local market when incorporating its management and leadership philosophies to the region. This resulted in a management and leadership staff overseas that would not be capable of maturing as a team to meet the local demands of the market. Just being in the region did not give EBay the advantage they seemed it would, thus their own inflexibility and lack of foresight contributed greatly to the problems they are facing in the Asian market. To EBay’s credit they have not thrown in the towel and have remained in Asia through joint ventures and are actually conducting promotion in Southeast Asia (Thailand and Vietnam) as well operations in Singapore, the Philippines and other places.

Essay --

Kevin Mitnick Kevin Mitnick was born in 1963 in Los Angeles California. His parents divorced when he was young so he had a lonely life while his mother worked as a waitress to support them. He was unpopular until he discovered his aptitude for computer programming. His â€Å"career† began as a teenager when he learned to get free bus tickets, then progressed to a telephone phreaker, and ultimately to a notorious and elusive computer hacker. In his teens, he joined a local phone phreak gang who met regularly and planned pranks. As a telephone phreak he was able to overtake a phone a company switch to make personal calls and to eavesdrop on phone calls. In 1981, Mitnick was among a group of telephone phreakers who physically broke into Pacific Bell’s phone center; and they stole operating manuals for the phone company’s mainframe system, lists of computer passwords, and door lock combinations. Luckily for Mitnick, he was just 17 when he was arrested and only sentenced to three months in juvenile detention and one year of probation. In 1983, Mitnick used a computer at the University of Southern California to access ARPanet. ARPanet was the one of the first networks that used packet switching networks, the first network to implement TCP/IP and was the predecessor for what we now know as the Internet. Through his ARPanet access he was able to break into the Pentagon. Though he was legally an adult, for this offense, Mitnick received another light sentence of just six months at another juvenile prison. In 1987, Mitnick is again arrested and convicted for stealing software from the Santa Cruz Operation. He was sentenced to three years of probation without any jail time. Perhaps because Mitnick’s punishments were never severe, hi... ...how the combination of social engineering and social networking have made hacking, or in these cases, cracking, easier, â€Å"I can go into LinkedIn and search for network engineers and come up with a list of great spear-phishing targets because they usually have administrator rights over the network. Then I go onto Twitter or Facebook and trick them into doing something, and I have privileged access. If I know you love Angry Birds, maybe I would send you an e-mail purporting to be from Angry Birds with a new pro version. Once you download it, I could have complete access to everything on your phone.† (1) Mitnick’s crime’s may have seemed exceptional at the time, but the evolution of technology and social media since his 1999 conviction has increased the opportunities for more less skilled crackers with malicious intent to cause far more harm than Kevin Mitnick ever did.

The Yellow Wallpaper

In the story the Yellow Wall Paper, the narrator is making a statement which is saying that if you are locked up in a house or â€Å"prison† you are not being allowed to be put to your full potential with society. She is using the narrator's point of view to show how mental issues start to occur when you are confined to one place and have no actual view of the outside world. That statement also includes the effects of your mind when you can only think to yourself and imagine. The main character's mind starts to go insane when thinking too much into things. Throughout the story the main character looks into every little detail of the room and analyzes it. This is the effect of having too much time on her hands and not having anything better to do. The story is about a woman who's husband sent her away to this house to get mentally better and starts to see this wallpaper. She has very strict rules such as not being able to read or write so she starts looking at this wallpaper. While she's looking at this wallpaper she starts to interpret it in many different ways throughout the story. She's irked by the bright yellow outline that is has, which then turns into her seeing heads being hanged. As the story goes on her views of the room get even worse and it doesn't help that her husband John is treating her like a little girl. Her husband has a wrong view of what is going on in her head. She gets annoyed by the fact that she can't even talk to him about the situation she's in. The story goes on to her doing many irrational behaviors in the room and her anxiety gets worse and worse while getting fed up with everything little thing she notices in the room and about the wallpaper. She is also also a Mother that isn't aloud to be near her baby which adds to her anxiety. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows a first person point of view with the narrator about how she is feeling â€Å"So I take phosphate or phosphites- whichever it is , and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to â€Å"work† until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good†(p490). She is able to capture how the narrator is really feeling. The narrator is a housewife that doesn't have a real job. She wants more out of life; she really wants to be able to read and write so that she can put her thoughts to good use and vent. When her husband took her books away from her, she started to read the wallpaper because she likes to read and analyze and is very good at it by the way she describes the room and the wallpaper. She also didn't put up a fight when she was sent away. She develops a mental illness by being a housewife and not being able to go out. When she is put in this psychiatry room, she starts to get worse. She thinks she's getting better later on in the story because her husband tells her that she can have her life back if she gets better. The narrator is disgusted with the room she's in but tries to make the best of it. She really enjoys and desires human interaction. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows the narrator's loneliness â€Å"When I get really well, John says we will ask Cousin Henry and Julia down for a long visit; but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillowcase as to let me have those stimulating people about now†(p. 491). This really shows how she's looking forward to seeing her family to be able to talk about her work. John is her husband who's making all the decisions and holding her back like a child. He doesn't show her much attention because he is always with other patients and often comes to visit her at night. At one point in the story he carried her from one room to another like a baby. That doesn't do her any good because she knows that she's a grown up person and is capable of doing more. By him treating her like a baby makes her feel like a baby, and then continues to more mental issues. John should've treated her like an adult so that she would act more like an adult. Charlotte made him into a controlling character â€Å"He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction†(p490). This shows how he's controlling the way she does things yet still loves her. She needs more freedom which he doesn't want to give her. He thinks that by putting her in that room she will learn a lesson like a little child and teach herself how to get better. What she really needs is to be able to go out and enjoy what society has to offer her. The room she's in shows what it's like to be deprived by society; the room is like her own little society. She's trying to make the best of it by looking into every little detail of it from the bed to the wallpaper. She wasn't allowed to go out of her house or do anything because John wanted her to be a housewife which is why she started having all of these mental issues. She had to fulfill the duties that John wanted her to do which got boring to a certain point. She is a people's person. Every time that the nurses would come in she always talked to them as if she really knew them. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the narrator's thoughts â€Å"I don't like our room a bit. I wanted one downstairs that opened on the piazza and had roses all over the window, and such pretty old-fashioned chintz hangings! â€Å"(p490). She really doesn't like anything about the room she's in. When she looks out her window she sees a lovely country like village full of people which she wishes she could go out and have fun there. Being trapped in a house is the worst thing that is happening to her. She tries to make the best of the situation she's in by thinking into every little thing that annoys her. The room is a symbol of a door that is closed to society. The wallpaper is the main symbol in this story. The narrator starts to see heads that have been hanged which is obvious signs that she is starting to become delusional or insane. The color starts to change from yellow to brown after days of just staring at it. She then starts to see bars on the wallpaper which is representing herself. She feels like she's in a jail cell locked up and is not allowed to have fun or do anything except what John wants her to do. Throughout the story she feels as that it's better for her to be in this room of misery with her baby, so that the baby doesn't have to stare at it all day. She doesn't want her baby â€Å"living in a room full of worlds† which almost signifies the day dreaming that goes on in there. After awhile she starts to look at the positive side of being locked up in that room. The wallpaper whether it was yellow or not, was the main controlling mechanism of the character's mood for story. Her mood no matter day or night was based on the wallpaper she was looking at. The narrator actually asked John during the beginning of her stay to take down the wallpaper since it was causing more nervous trouble, but he didn't. He thought that she was letting it get to her and wanted her to deal with it which is funny because she ended up writing an entire short story about it. The narrator could also be feeling a sense of yellow on the inside. In our world we look as yellow as happy but maybe not as fully. Colors like orange or green are a lot happier. At one point she has a view of a garden which is where she could be picking up some yellow. She even thought there was a yellow smell. The wallpaper effects her so much she feels as if it's getting into her hair. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows a very good depiction to help create a mental picture of what is going on in the room: â€Å"The color is repellent, almost revolting; a smoldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight(p. 490)†. She shows great use of vocabulary with words such as repellent and revolting along with imagery which catches her reader's eyes. The title is an example of how the narrator can show her intellectual ability and desire of how she feels like she's in prison. The narrator's ability to interpret the wallpaper and every little detail in the room is unique even though it is a psychiatry case. Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the narrator's point of view to really capture how she feels towards the wallpaper which in her mind is disgusting and not her type. Almost every paragraph is about something bad pertaining to the wallpaper. Her intellectual ability is to see and analyze things which may be why she gets along with so many people. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gives a great view saying â€Å"He says that with my imaginative power and habit of story making, a nervous weakness like mine is sure to lead to all manner of excited fancies, and that I ought to use my will and good sense to check the tendency†(p. 91). She clearly has a wild imagination that John is trying to cut down. She might be more of a hands on person. Therefore, the wallpaper brings a very different type of analytical approach. Her husband locked her up in this house so she wasn't being put to her full potential. Instead she started looking at the small things in her house while John just wanted her to si t at home and it turned into a mental illness. Towards the end of the story the narrator really started to go crazy walking around the room. She couldn't stand the fact that her bed was nailed to the floor. She ripped off all the wallpaper when nobody was around. She threw the key out of the room so that nobody can come in or out until John arrives. She even found a rope incase Jennie got in she was going to tie her which is a little crazy. The narrator realizes that if she jumps out the window that people will think she's crazy more than she already is. She's a frustrated psychiatric patient just trying to feel better. She's been in there for about a couple weeks. The wallpaper messes with her head a lot. She can't wait to leave the place she's in. She has everything planned out even taking a boat back to town. Her husband comes back for what she thinks is her last day in the psychiatric room. She rips down all of the wallpaper which showed a lot of courage since her nervousness wasn't letting her do anything til she's satisfied. She then takes the key locks the door and throws it out the window so that when John comes in he looks at her and faints. She does nothing but step over him. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows what is really going on â€Å"I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder†(p500). I think she just about had enough with staying in that room and may have even been feeling better since she worked up the courage to do all that and even walk over her own husband. Charlotte Perkins Gilman used a very easy to read type of style which was helpful in figuring out the plot and building a mental image of what was going on. † I have found out another funny thing, but I shan't tell it this time! I mean to try it, little by little. â€Å"(p498). She has a very broad use of vocabulary but not hard enough to need a dictionary to figure things out. It's interesting that she breaks the story into different parts or chapters. The narrator's character changed in each part, mostly because of the other characters or the wallpaper. Her writing style is also modern compared to other stories in this book. This type of writing style is nice. She uses a character with a mental disorientation and captures what is really going through her mind. Her writing flows just like any other short story but even better. She doesn't make it hard to figure the details out. She is very straight forward with the way she words her sentences. I'm wondering if the author wrote this short story to show another person, or if the author herself was the main character in the story. This seem like it could be a realistic story. In this century there are many mentally ill people ranging from anxiety issues to disorders. This could be a true story. The sentences are short and clear but not at all long enough to get lost in them. The story was literally written as the main character was seeing things. It was even broken up from the start of her being in the psychiatric ward included with a two week break from writing for when John kept visiting her in the beginning. Every thought and movement was written down. The Yellow Wallpaper In the story the Yellow Wall Paper, the narrator is making a statement which is saying that if you are locked up in a house or â€Å"prison† you are not being allowed to be put to your full potential with society. She is using the narrator's point of view to show how mental issues start to occur when you are confined to one place and have no actual view of the outside world. That statement also includes the effects of your mind when you can only think to yourself and imagine. The main character's mind starts to go insane when thinking too much into things. Throughout the story the main character looks into every little detail of the room and analyzes it. This is the effect of having too much time on her hands and not having anything better to do. The story is about a woman who's husband sent her away to this house to get mentally better and starts to see this wallpaper. She has very strict rules such as not being able to read or write so she starts looking at this wallpaper. While she's looking at this wallpaper she starts to interpret it in many different ways throughout the story. She's irked by the bright yellow outline that is has, which then turns into her seeing heads being hanged. As the story goes on her views of the room get even worse and it doesn't help that her husband John is treating her like a little girl. Her husband has a wrong view of what is going on in her head. She gets annoyed by the fact that she can't even talk to him about the situation she's in. The story goes on to her doing many irrational behaviors in the room and her anxiety gets worse and worse while getting fed up with everything little thing she notices in the room and about the wallpaper. She is also also a Mother that isn't aloud to be near her baby which adds to her anxiety. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows a first person point of view with the narrator about how she is feeling â€Å"So I take phosphate or phosphites- whichever it is , and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to â€Å"work† until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good†(p490). She is able to capture how the narrator is really feeling. The narrator is a housewife that doesn't have a real job. She wants more out of life; she really wants to be able to read and write so that she can put her thoughts to good use and vent. When her husband took her books away from her, she started to read the wallpaper because she likes to read and analyze and is very good at it by the way she describes the room and the wallpaper. She also didn't put up a fight when she was sent away. She develops a mental illness by being a housewife and not being able to go out. When she is put in this psychiatry room, she starts to get worse. She thinks she's getting better later on in the story because her husband tells her that she can have her life back if she gets better. The narrator is disgusted with the room she's in but tries to make the best of it. She really enjoys and desires human interaction. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows the narrator's loneliness â€Å"When I get really well, John says we will ask Cousin Henry and Julia down for a long visit; but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillowcase as to let me have those stimulating people about now†(p. 491). This really shows how she's looking forward to seeing her family to be able to talk about her work. John is her husband who's making all the decisions and holding her back like a child. He doesn't show her much attention because he is always with other patients and often comes to visit her at night. At one point in the story he carried her from one room to another like a baby. That doesn't do her any good because she knows that she's a grown up person and is capable of doing more. By him treating her like a baby makes her feel like a baby, and then continues to more mental issues. John should've treated her like an adult so that she would act more like an adult. Charlotte made him into a controlling character â€Å"He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction†(p490). This shows how he's controlling the way she does things yet still loves her. She needs more freedom which he doesn't want to give her. He thinks that by putting her in that room she will learn a lesson like a little child and teach herself how to get better. What she really needs is to be able to go out and enjoy what society has to offer her. The room she's in shows what it's like to be deprived by society; the room is like her own little society. She's trying to make the best of it by looking into every little detail of it from the bed to the wallpaper. She wasn't allowed to go out of her house or do anything because John wanted her to be a housewife which is why she started having all of these mental issues. She had to fulfill the duties that John wanted her to do which got boring to a certain point. She is a people's person. Every time that the nurses would come in she always talked to them as if she really knew them. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the narrator's thoughts â€Å"I don't like our room a bit. I wanted one downstairs that opened on the piazza and had roses all over the window, and such pretty old-fashioned chintz hangings! â€Å"(p490). She really doesn't like anything about the room she's in. When she looks out her window she sees a lovely country like village full of people which she wishes she could go out and have fun there. Being trapped in a house is the worst thing that is happening to her. She tries to make the best of the situation she's in by thinking into every little thing that annoys her. The room is a symbol of a door that is closed to society. The wallpaper is the main symbol in this story. The narrator starts to see heads that have been hanged which is obvious signs that she is starting to become delusional or insane. The color starts to change from yellow to brown after days of just staring at it. She then starts to see bars on the wallpaper which is representing herself. She feels like she's in a jail cell locked up and is not allowed to have fun or do anything except what John wants her to do. Throughout the story she feels as that it's better for her to be in this room of misery with her baby, so that the baby doesn't have to stare at it all day. She doesn't want her baby â€Å"living in a room full of worlds† which almost signifies the day dreaming that goes on in there. After awhile she starts to look at the positive side of being locked up in that room. The wallpaper whether it was yellow or not, was the main controlling mechanism of the character's mood for story. Her mood no matter day or night was based on the wallpaper she was looking at. The narrator actually asked John during the beginning of her stay to take down the wallpaper since it was causing more nervous trouble, but he didn't. He thought that she was letting it get to her and wanted her to deal with it which is funny because she ended up writing an entire short story about it. The narrator could also be feeling a sense of yellow on the inside. In our world we look as yellow as happy but maybe not as fully. Colors like orange or green are a lot happier. At one point she has a view of a garden which is where she could be picking up some yellow. She even thought there was a yellow smell. The wallpaper effects her so much she feels as if it's getting into her hair. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows a very good depiction to help create a mental picture of what is going on in the room: â€Å"The color is repellent, almost revolting; a smoldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight(p. 490)†. She shows great use of vocabulary with words such as repellent and revolting along with imagery which catches her reader's eyes. The title is an example of how the narrator can show her intellectual ability and desire of how she feels like she's in prison. The narrator's ability to interpret the wallpaper and every little detail in the room is unique even though it is a psychiatry case. Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the narrator's point of view to really capture how she feels towards the wallpaper which in her mind is disgusting and not her type. Almost every paragraph is about something bad pertaining to the wallpaper. Her intellectual ability is to see and analyze things which may be why she gets along with so many people. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gives a great view saying â€Å"He says that with my imaginative power and habit of story making, a nervous weakness like mine is sure to lead to all manner of excited fancies, and that I ought to use my will and good sense to check the tendency†(p. 91). She clearly has a wild imagination that John is trying to cut down. She might be more of a hands on person. Therefore, the wallpaper brings a very different type of analytical approach. Her husband locked her up in this house so she wasn't being put to her full potential. Instead she started looking at the small things in her house while John just wanted her to si t at home and it turned into a mental illness. Towards the end of the story the narrator really started to go crazy walking around the room. She couldn't stand the fact that her bed was nailed to the floor. She ripped off all the wallpaper when nobody was around. She threw the key out of the room so that nobody can come in or out until John arrives. She even found a rope incase Jennie got in she was going to tie her which is a little crazy. The narrator realizes that if she jumps out the window that people will think she's crazy more than she already is. She's a frustrated psychiatric patient just trying to feel better. She's been in there for about a couple weeks. The wallpaper messes with her head a lot. She can't wait to leave the place she's in. She has everything planned out even taking a boat back to town. Her husband comes back for what she thinks is her last day in the psychiatric room. She rips down all of the wallpaper which showed a lot of courage since her nervousness wasn't letting her do anything til she's satisfied. She then takes the key locks the door and throws it out the window so that when John comes in he looks at her and faints. She does nothing but step over him. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows what is really going on â€Å"I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder†(p500). I think she just about had enough with staying in that room and may have even been feeling better since she worked up the courage to do all that and even walk over her own husband. Charlotte Perkins Gilman used a very easy to read type of style which was helpful in figuring out the plot and building a mental image of what was going on. † I have found out another funny thing, but I shan't tell it this time! I mean to try it, little by little. â€Å"(p498). She has a very broad use of vocabulary but not hard enough to need a dictionary to figure things out. It's interesting that she breaks the story into different parts or chapters. The narrator's character changed in each part, mostly because of the other characters or the wallpaper. Her writing style is also modern compared to other stories in this book. This type of writing style is nice. She uses a character with a mental disorientation and captures what is really going through her mind. Her writing flows just like any other short story but even better. She doesn't make it hard to figure the details out. She is very straight forward with the way she words her sentences. I'm wondering if the author wrote this short story to show another person, or if the author herself was the main character in the story. This seem like it could be a realistic story. In this century there are many mentally ill people ranging from anxiety issues to disorders. This could be a true story. The sentences are short and clear but not at all long enough to get lost in them. The story was literally written as the main character was seeing things. It was even broken up from the start of her being in the psychiatric ward included with a two week break from writing for when John kept visiting her in the beginning. Every thought and movement was written down.